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Independent music (often shortened to indie music or indie) is music produced independently from major commercial record labels or their subsidiaries, a process that may include an autonomous, do-it-yourself approach to recording and publishing. The term ''indie'' is sometimes also used to describe a genre (such as indie rock and indie pop); as a genre term, "indie" may include music that is not independently produced, and most independent music artists do not fall into a single, defined musical style or genre and usually create music that can be categorized into other genres. ==Independent record labels== (詳細はSun Records, King Records, Stax, etc.〔Rogan, Johnny (1992) "Introduction" in ''The Guinness Who's Who of Indie and New Wave Music'', Guinness Publishing, ISBN 0-85112-579-4〕 In the United Kingdom during the 1950s and 1960s, the major record companies had so much power that independent labels struggled to become established. Several British producers and artists launched independent labels as outlets for their work and artists they liked, but the majority failed as commercial ventures or were swallowed up by the majors.〔 In the United States, independent labels and distributors often banded together to form organizations to promote trade and parity within the industry. The National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (NARAS), famous as the organization behind the Grammy Awards, began in the 1950s as an organization of 25 independent record labels including Herald and Ember Records, and Atlantic Records. The 1970s heralded the founding of the National Association of Independent Record Distributors (NAIRD), which became A2IM in 2004. Smaller organizations also existed including the Independent Music Association (IMA), founded by Don Kulak in the late 1980s. At its zenith it had 1,000 independent labels on its member rosters. The 1990s brought Affiliated Independent Record Companies (AIRCO), whose most notable member was upstart punk - thrash label Mystic Records and The Independent Music Retailer's Association (IMRA), a short-lived organization founded by Mark Wilkins and Don Kulak. The latter is most notable for a lawsuit involving co-op money it filed on behalf of its member Digital Distributors in conjunction with Warehouse Record Stores.〔Jeffrey, Don (June 10, 1995) "Retailer Sues Majors for CD Price Fixing" in ''Billboard Magazine'', Billboard Publishing〕 The adjudication of the case grossed $178,000,000 from the distribution arms of major labels. The proceeds were distributed amongst all plaintiffs. During the punk rock era the number of independent labels grew.〔 The UK Indie Chart was first compiled in 1980, and independent distribution became better organized from the late 1970s onwards.〔Lazell, Barry (1997) "Indie Hits 1980–1989", Cherry Red Books, ISBN 0-9517206-9-4〕 From the late 1970s into the 1980s certain UK independent labels (such as Rough Trade, Cherry Red, Factory, Glass, Cheree Records and Creation) came to contribute something in terms of aesthetic identity to the acts whose records they released. In the late 1980s, Seattle-based Sub Pop Records was at the center of the grunge scene. In the late 1990s and into the 2000s as the advent of MP3 files and digital download sites such as Apple's iTunes Store changed the recording industry, an indie Neo-soul scene soon emerged from the urban underground soul scenes of London, NYC, Philadelphia, Chicago and L.A., primarily due to commercial radio and the major label's biased focus on the marketing, promotion & Airplay of Pop and hip hop music during this period. Independent Labels such as Dome Record and Expansion Records in the U.K. and Burger Records, Wiener Records and Ubiquity Records in the U.S. and a plethora of others around the world continue to release independent bands and music. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Independent music」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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